Needlepoint
Contents
Pair of Needlework Bed Hangings in the Bizarre Style, 1710–20. France, 18th century. Silk, wool: needlework, tent and cross-stitch embroidery on canvas; overall: 82.5 cm (32 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund 2006.2
Did you know that needlepoint stitching helped to preserve history during the Middle Ages? Because literacy rates were low and the number of books were extremely limited, embroidered tapestries served as visual narratives, depicting epic tales, religious stories, and historical events for individuals who were unable to read. These tapestries not only decorated the walls of castles and churches, but they also served as effective teaching tools, transmitting knowledge and morality to the populace.
There is one special thing that is carefully kept in my family. It is an absolutely gorgeous tablecloth my great - great - grandmother embroidered for her wedding just before World War I. And this is the one and the only thing she managed to keep during World War II as well. This unique tablecloth is a symbol of love, loyalty and resilience for me and for my family.
In this detailed needlepoint embroidery guide, we will look at the artistry and expertise that goes into creating this timeless style. From its humble beginnings to its modern applications, we'll look at the techniques, stitches, patterns, materials, and instruments that constitute needlepoint embroidery. Whether you're an experienced needleworker or a beginner, join us on a trip through history as we unravel the threads of this beloved art form.
About
Needlepoint embroidery, usually known simply as needlepoint or Canvaswork, is a type of counted thread embroidery done on canvas with a needle and thread. Unlike other embroidery techniques that entail sewing on fabric, needlepoint produces a thick, textured image by covering the entire canvas in stitches. Its distinguishing features include the use of tent stitch, petit point, and other specialized stitches to produce elaborate patterns and images with vibrant colors and textures. Needlepoint is frequently associated with high quality craftsmanship and is valued for its durability and longevity.
History
The term "needlepoint" originated from the combination of "needle" and "point," referring to the technique of creating stitches with a needle. Its roots can be traced back to medieval Europe, where it was initially referred to as "canvas work." Over time, as the technique evolved and gained popularity, it became known as needlepoint, a name that has endured to the present day.
The foundations of needlepoint trace back to ancient Egypt. Evidence of the craft was discovered in a Pharaoh's grotto dating back to 1500BC, when they utilized the renowned slated stitch pattern to make canvas tents.
During this time, the craft was not a craft at all, but rather an essential instrument for providing shelter. This stitch was also important in fusing early materials together to form garments. Before the Bronze Age, needles were manufactured from cactus thorns, bones, and other withered down things. Once metallurgy was introduced, stitchers could use metal needles to embellish their garments.
In the 16th century, needlepoint took on a more unique form--a way to display iconic pictures of status. It is incredibly difficult to find surviving specimens of 16th-century samplers. One of the collection's highlights is a German work, primarily in the style of previous pattern books (about 1524-1540), that was most likely intended for decorative purposes.
In England, samplers evolved from reference materials for embroiderers in the 17th century to learning tools for young girls interested in needlework. A 'band sampler' was an orderly arrangement of rows of borders, whereas a 'spot sampler' was a random arrangement of themes. Women were encouraged to learn needlework so that they could run their households and dress themselves and their families.
English samplers took on a square shape in the early 18th century, combining several embroidery abilities. As a result, the finished piece could be presented as a painting or print. Samplers often featured decorative borders, graphic designs, moral or religious verses, repetitive patterns, and alphabets. By the mid-18th century, it was common to see houses and gardens represented with local elements like windmills or dovecotes.
Samplers gained popularity in the late nineteenth century as examples of professionally manufactured work for amateurs to emulate. By this point, the samplers were largely cross stitched classroom exercises. For decades, historic samplers have served as both a source of instruction and inspiration for current embroiderers.
Spread to Other Countries
As needlepoint gained popularity in Europe, it spread to other regions through trade and colonization. The technique was introduced to countries such as America, where it flourished among affluent households as a sign of social status and refinement.
Eventually, needlepoint adapted to local traditions and cultural influences, resulting in unique regional variations. For example, in America, needlepoint became associated with colonial-era samplers and patriotic motifs, while in Asia, it incorporated elements of traditional embroidery techniques such as Chinese silk stitching.
Today, needlepoint continues to evolve as artisans explore new techniques and styles, blending traditional craftsmanship with contemporary designs. Its enduring legacy as a form of creative expression and cultural heritage ensures that needlepoint remains a beloved art form cherished by enthusiasts worldwide.
Techniques
Needlepoint embroidery encompasses a variety of techniques, each contributing to the intricate beauty of the final piece. Common techniques include tent stitch, basketweave stitch, and petit point. Tent stitch, also known as half cross-stitch, is the most basic and commonly used stitch, creating diagonal stitches across the canvas. Basketweave stitch creates a woven effect, providing excellent coverage and stability. Petit point, or petit point de Beauvais, involves stitching small, fine stitches to create delicate details and intricate designs.
Type of Stitches
In needlepoint embroidery, a plethora of stitches are employed to achieve different textures and effects. The tent stitch is the most basic and frequent stitch used in needlepoint embroidery. A tent stitch is a diagonal slanted stitch with a 45-degree angle. This stitch crosses over both the vertical and horizontal threads of a cloth. There are numerous versions of this stitch, including:
Basketweave stitch: This is a tent stitch made in diagonal rows. It is frequently used across big areas because it makes an excellent backdrop for other stitches.
Half-cross tent stitch: This stitch is applied vertically or horizontally to the fabric.
Continental stitch: This more sturdy stitch is a tent stitch that can be stitched vertically or horizontally across the fabric.
In addition to the tent stitch and its modifications, needlepoint embroidery may also include:
Gobelin stitches: These are diagonal, slanting stitches that are made across one vertical thread and two horizontal threads.
Cushion stitching. This is a group of five diagonal stitches. The longest stitch is in the center, flanked by two shorter stitches, which are themselves flanked by even smaller stitches.
Parisian stitches: These are longer vertical stitches that form a basketweave design with shorter parallel stitches.
Mosaic stitches: This stitch consists of three stitches, one longer and two shorter.
Furthermore, needlepoint embroidery can incorporate cross-stitches and the brick stitch, allowing embroiderers to add beads to their work.
There are about 150 canvas embroidery stitches, the majority of which are variations or combinations of the long stitch, which covers multiple meshes or thread intersections, and the tent stitch, which covers only one. Since the 16th century, the most popular stitches have been the tent (or continental) stitch, the vertically worked Florentine stitch (also known as the flame, bargello, or Hungarian stitch), and the cross-stitch. In the twentieth century, the basket weave, also known as the diagonal stitch, became very popular. It creates a firmer fabric but requires more yarn than the tent stitch.
Each stitch offers its unique characteristics, from the simplicity of tent stitch to the intricacy of French knots, allowing artisans to express their creativity and bring designs to life.
Style of Patterns
Traditional needlepoint patterns often feature floral motifs, geometric designs, and intricate borders. These patterns may draw inspiration from historical tapestries, nature, or cultural symbolism. For example, floral patterns symbolize beauty and renewal, while geometric designs represent harmony and balance. Common themes include botanicals, animals, and historical scenes, with designs ranging from classic to contemporary interpretations.
Materials
There are numerous threads available for needlepoint, including cotton, silk, wool, acrylic, and more. Cotton, wool, and silk are the most frequent, and popular brands include Planet Earth Fiber, Rainbow Gallery, Appletons, and DMC.
DMC Soft Cotton is a lightweight, malleable thread with a soft feel and matte finish. It is extremely versatile and simple to use. This is the thread we use in the majority of our kits since it comes in a wide variety of colors, and we enjoy the soft feel and ease of stitching.
Appletons Tapestry Wool is a stronger thread with more texture. It has a very durable finish, making it ideal for wearable crafts.
However, modern embroiderers may also experiment with alternative fabrics such as linen or silk, as well as specialty threads like metallic or variegated threads, to achieve different textures and effects.
There are numerous canvas alternatives for needlepoint, just as there are with threads. As long as it is an open canvas with holes, it can have a wide range of mesh sizes/hpi (holes per inch), dimensions, and even colors. Another variant is the intertwining of the canvas's lines. It comes in two variations: royal and interlaced.
HPI (holes per inch): The hpi or mesh count of a canvas is the number of holes in a line measured in inches. This defines the amount of holes a canvas contains, and hence, the size of the stitches (and the space in between them). The most frequent mesh sizes include 10, 12, 13, 14, and 18 hpi.
Royal: This is a canvas with a mesh of single vertical and horizontal threads that are laid over or under one another.
Interlock: This is a canvas with a single horizontal thread wrapped around two vertical threads, 'locking' the mesh at intersections. This is the canvas that we use in the majority of our needlepoint kits. We love how it works when stitched and how durable fabric is.
The canvases can also be mono or double, which means that the mesh consists of one or two threads in each direction.
Tools
Essential tools for needlepoint embroidery include embroidery needles, embroidery scissors, a hoop or frame to hold the fabric taut, and a needle threader for easier threading. Optional tools may include a laying tool for smoothing threads and a magnifying glass for intricate work. Additionally, specialized tools such as needlepoint stands or lighted magnifiers may enhance comfort and precision during stitching. Here are some other needlepoint tools and accessories that can help you practice this craft:
A needlepoint frame is an item that can assist you manage the canvas and keep it in a uniform tension.
Needle Threader: This is an accessory used to easily slide the thread through the eyelet of the needle.
Needle Minder: A needle minder is a magnetic pin that keeps your needle safe and attached to your canvas.
Pins and clips are a common and flexible tool that can be used for a variety of reasons.
Because of the steam used to soften the fibers, an iron is a popular tool for blocking needlepoint.
Now a Days
In contemporary fashion and crafts, needlepoint embroidery continues to captivate enthusiasts with its timeless charm and versatility. Fashion designers incorporate needlepoint motifs into garments, accessories, and even footwear, adding a touch of artisanal elegance to modern trends. Home decor enthusiasts adorn pillows, upholstery, and wall hangings with custom needlepoint designs, transforming spaces with personalized accents that reflect individual style and creativity.
Although needlepoint is traditionally associated with the elderly, it is also popular among millennials. Hand stitching is a peaceful pastime that can improve your mood due to the concentration required. You may concentrate on creating a stunning work of art particularly for you. Furthermore, millennials enjoy needlepoint because they value historical crafts. Popular vintage needlepoint projects include: Belts Jewelry, Handbags, Eyeglass cases, Keychains.
Conclusion
Needlepoint embroidery is more than just a craft; it represents human inventiveness, resourcefulness, and tenacity. From its beginnings as a practical form of storytelling in medieval times to its modern interpretations in fashion and decor, needlepoint has been a constant companion on the voyage of human expression.
Throughout history, needlepoint needlework has decorated the corridors of power, graced the homes of the privileged, and captured the hearts of both artisans and aficionados. Its continuing popularity stems not just from its beauty, but also from its capacity to bridge cultural divides, connecting people across time and space via the universal language of stitches.
Looking ahead, needlepoint embroidery will undoubtedly continue to inspire, engage, and delight future generations. Whether you're drawn to its rich history, intricate skills, or limitless creative potential, there's something wonderful about the act of connecting threads of imagination and tradition.
So, whether you're picking up a needle for the first time or carrying on a long-standing tradition, remember that every stitch has a piece of history, a tale to tell, and a connection to the vivid tapestry of human experience. As we bid farewell to this trip through history's stitches, let us honor the legacy of needlepoint needlework with reverence, gratitude, and an unwavering sense of wonder.
References
Christensen Jo Ippolito. Teach yourself needlepoint. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1978.
Collins Carol Huebner. Needlepoint: a basic manual. Boston: Little, Brown, 1976.
Kennett, Frances. Traditional needlepoint. London: Shelton Books, 1991.
Lightbody Donna M. Introducing needlepoint. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co, 1973.
Pearson, Anna. The complete needlepoint course. Radnor, Pa.: Chilton Book Co, 1991.